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UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING 

M 

Agricultural College Department. 



WYOMING EXPERIMENT STATION, 

LARAMIE, WYOMING. 



BUI^I^E^TIINr INTO. 52. 

APRIL, 1902. 



Experiments in Evaporation, 



By C. B. RIDGAWAY. 



Bulletins will be sent free upon request. Address : Director Experiment 
Station, Laramie, Wyo. 



Monograph { jynftHY Oh UUNtiKfcSS, 

HfcCEIVED 

AUG 2 11902 
rnVWOHefBOCUHINTS. 



Ss<v 






Wyoming Agricultural Euerieit Station, 

UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING. 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Hon. OTTO GRAMM, President, Laramie 1903 

Hon. GRACE RAYMOND HEBARD, B.S.,Ph.D.,Sec'y, Cheyenne. 1903 

Hon. HENRY L.. STEVENS, M. D., Laramie 1903 

Hon. TIMOTHY F. BURKE, LL. B., Vice President, Cheyenne. .1907 

Hon. JOHN C. DAVIS, Treasurer, Rawlins 1907 

Hon. MORTIMER JESURUN, M. D., Douglas 1907 

Hon. ARTHUR C. JONES, Laramie 1903 

Hon. JOHN A. BECKWITH, Evanston 1905 

Hon. S. CONANT PARKS, Ph. D., Lander 1905 

State Supt. of Public Instruction T. T. TYNAN Ex-officio 

President ELMER E. SMILEY. A. M., D. D Ex-officio 



Agricultural Committee of the Board of Trustees. 

H. L. STEVENS, Chairman Laramie 

OTTO GRAMM Laramie 

A. C. JONES Laramie 



President of the University of Wyoming. 
ELMER E. SMILEY, A. M., D. D. 



STATION COUNCIL. 

E. E. SMILEY, A. M., D. D. . >; •?« Director 

F. E. EMERY, M. S., Vice Director, Agriculturist and Horticulturist 

A. NELSON, M. S.„ A. M Botanist 

E. E. SLOSSON, M. S Chemist 

W. C. KNIGHT, A. M., Ph. D Geologist 

C. B. RIDGAWAY, A. M Physicist and Meteorologist 

G. R. HEBARD, A. M., Ph. D Secretary 

BURTON P. FLEMING, B. S Irrigation Engineer 

ELIAS E. NELSON, A. M Assistant Horticulturist 

E. E. SIGMAN Foreman Experiment Farm 



INTRODUCTION. 



The two great questions which are of most importance to 
the agriculturist in this section of the country are : How may 
we best conserve and utilize the available water to the greatest 
advantage ? and, How may we eliminate the surplus alkali from 
the soil ? 

It was in the hope of throwing some light upon the solu- 
tion of these great questions that the following experiments 
were undertaken. 

I regret to state that the young man who took the observa- 
tions for a few days, on account of the necessary absence of the 
regular observer, lost the records for two months of the year 
1900. I have concluded, therefore, to use the records for 190 1 
only in reporting the amount of evaporation. The results in 
regard to the rise of alkali, however, will cover the period of 
two years. 

The water used in these experiments was obtained from 
the artesian well near the University, and the amount of alkali 
contained therein was .639 grains per gallon as per analysis 
made by Professor E. E. Slosson, Chemist of the Station.* 

I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. B. P. 
Fleming, Irrigation Engineer, for all of the data found in 
Table II. 



^Bulletin No. 24. Wyo. Ag. Exp. Sta. Water Analyses. 



Experiments in Evaporation. 

The following were some of the questions which I hoped 
to partially answer by these experiments : 

1. How rapidly does moisture evaporate from the soil 
when the level of water is kept at a certain distance from the 
surface by subirrigation ? 

2. What effect has stirring the soil once a week to certain 
depths upon the evaporation of moisture when the level of wa- 
ter is maintained at a constant depth ? 

3. What effect has subirrigation upon the rise of alkali? 

4. What effect has alkali upon the evaporation of moist- 
ure when the level of water is kept at a certain depth from the 
surface ? 

For the purpose of investigating these questions I had con- 
structed 15 pieces of apparatus similar to the one shown in the 
cut. D E F C is a drum, 9 inches in diameter and 4 inches deep, 
made of heavy galvanized sheet iron. K H is a tube of the 
same material, 26 inches long and 6 inches in diameter, extend- 
ing to the bottom of the drum, and with its lower surface per- 
forated with many holes so as to admit water freely from the 
drum. 

This pipe was filled with soil in place on the experiment 
farm by driving the tube into the soil as far as possible, then 
with trowels and knives cutting the soil from around the tube 
and driving it down still further. The process was continued 
until the tube was entirely filled. The tube was then soldered 
into the drum around the rim at H. 

The tube B C is of galvalized iron pipe soldered into the 
drum at C awd fastened to the larger pipe by a support a little 
below B. 



46 Wyoming Experiment Station. 

This apparatus was buried in the ground on the experiment 
plat so that the top of the tube H K was level with the surface 
of the soil. Thus I had the undisturbed soil from the farm 
buried in the ground with the top exposed to the wind, rain, 
and sunshine, and having the same temperature as the sur- 
rounding earth. 

The tank, from which observations were taken of the 
amount of evaporation of moisture from the water surface, and 
the soil thermometers, for determining the temperature of the 
soil at various depths, were located about 16 feet trom the 
buried tubes. 

In the tube B C was put a small empty vial fitted with a 
rubber stopper. In the stopper was inserted an aluminum wire 
long enough to reach up to a certain mark on the glass tube 
B A when the vial was floating on the water kept at a certain 
level in the tube B C. The tube B A was calibrated so that 5.5 
grams of water poured into the tube B C would cause the end 
of the wire to rise through one space. The upper end of the 
wire was bent at a right angle, and the lower end of the tube at 
B was almost closed by fusion, so that the pointer on the end of 
the wire could move up or down through the length of the tube 
but could not fall below the lower end B. 

The level of water in the tube B C was kept at about the 
same height by pouring water from a graduate into the tube 
A B at 7 p. m. each day during the crop season of 1900. Dur- 
ing the year 1901, the method of obtaining the amount of water 
used each day differed somewhat from the method used the 
previous year. A beaker nearly full of water was first care- 
fully weighed, then enough water poured from it into the tube 
B C to bring the floating index up to the required mark ; the 
beaker was again weighed and the amount in grams of water 
poured into the tube was ascertained and recorded. Very fre- 
quently the index would come above the proper mark, then an 
allowance had to be made for the excess poured inj^ an allow- 
ance also had to be made for the amount of evaporation the 



Experiments in Evaporation. 47 

next dav. This, however, was very easily accomplished by 
means of the calibrated tube A B. 

DATA IN REGARD TO THE DIFFERENT TUBES. 

No. I was kept full of water to within 6 inches of the top. 
No. 2 was kept full of water to within 12 inches of the top. 
No. 3 was kept full of water to within 18 inches of the top. 
No. 4 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top. 
No. 5 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top 
and the surface stirred once a week to the depth of 2 inches. 

No. 6 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top 
and the surface stirred once a week to the depth of 4 inches. 

No. 7 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top 
and the surface stirred once a week to the depth of 6 inches. 

In tubes 8, 9, 10, and 11 enough sodium carbonate in so- 
lution (5 per cent) was poured in A C to moisten each tube 
full of earth and leave the solution standing at the proper level, 
after which artesian well water was added each day. In tubes 
12, 13, 14, and 15 a 10 per cent solution of sodium carbonate 
was added tilball of the earth was moistened with the liquid, 
then water was poured in as in the other tubes. 

No. 8 was kept full of water to within 6 inches of the top. 
No. 9 was kept full of water to within 12 inches of the top. 
No. 10 was kept full of water to within 18 inches of the top. 
No. 1 1 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top. 
No. 12 was kept full of water to within 6 inches of the top. 
No. 13 was kept full of water to within 12 inches of the top. 
No. 14 was kept full of water to within 18 inches of the top. 
No. 15 was kept full of water to within 22 inches of the top. 
In column 16, of Table No. I, the amount of evaporation 
from the free water surface will be found, while column 17 of 
the same table contains the amount of rainfall. 

The amounts in Table No. I are recorded in linear inches, 
while those in Table No. II represent the per cent of alkali 
found in the soil at various depths. 



48 Wyoming Experiment Station. 



The follozving conclusions were drawn from these experi- 
ments : 

The evaporation from the surface of the soil with the level 
of water maintained at 6 inches below was 95 per cent, at la 
inches below it was 70 per cent, at 18 inches below it was 45 per 
cent, and at 22 inches below il was 35 per cent of what it was at 
the surface of the water in the evaporation tank. 

Stirring the ground once a week to the depth of 2 inches 
retarded evaporation to the amount of 19 per cent, when stirred 
to a depth of 4 inches it was retarded 23 per cent, and when 
stirred to a depth of 6 inches evaporation was retarded 45 per 
cent. The water in all three of the pipes was maintained at a 
depth of 22 inches below the surface of the soil. 

Evaporation was retarded 43 per cent when the soil con- 
tained .0597 per cent of alkali and the level of water was main- 
tained at 6 inches below the surface. The amount of retarda- 
tion was 55 per cent in soil containing .5116 per cent of alkali, 
and the level of water 12 inches below the surface. In soil con- 
taining .5375 per cent of alkali the amount of retardation was 
50 per cent when the level of water was maintained at 18 inches 
below the surface ; while the retardation was 57 per cent in soil 
containing .6205 per cent of alkali and the level of water kept 
at 22 inches below the surface. The amount of alkali is the av- 
erage amount found in the entire 26 inches of soil. 

More alkali was found in the first three inches than in any 
other three inches of the soil. 

More alkali was found in the last two inches than in the 
three next above. 

The following analysis of the soil used in these experi- 
ments was made by Professor E. E. Slosson in 1892, and pub- 
lished in Bulletin No. 6. 



Experiments in Evaporation. 49 

Chemical Analysis of the Soil of the Laramie Experiment 

Farm. 

Surface Subsoil 

Analysis of fine earth. 1-9 in. 9-18 in. 

Insoluble matter 80.11 77.28 

Soluble silica 2.78 1.92 

Potash (K 2 0) 60 .53 

Soda (Na.,0) 65 .45 

Lime (CaO) 1.14 3.77 

Magnesia (MgO) 45 .08 

Iron (Fe 2 O s ) 2.79 2.49 

Alumina (AL0 3 ) 4.95 4.71 

Phosphoric acid (P 2 5 ) . 14 .15 

Sulphuric acid (S0 3 ) .07 

Carbonic acid (C0 2 ) 69 3.70 

Moisture 1.87 1.24 

Volatile and combustible matter 3.21 2.82 

99.38 99.21 

Soluble in water 0829 .0464 

Chlorine 001 .001 



50 



Wyoming Experiment Station. 



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Experiments in Evaporation. 



55 



Table II — Per cent of Alkali. 



Depth in inches 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 

.9724 


15 


3 


.1232 


.4972 


.6144 


1.48 


.2076 


1.7916 


1.2492 


6 ' 


.1044 


.2176 


.2728 


.5560 


.1924 


.7048 


.6104 


.6708 


9 


.0360 


. 1348 


.1552 


.3000 


.1928 


.4048 


.5824 


.5904 


12 


.0480 


.1516 


.2048 


.2316 


.2244 


.2544 


.5596 


.5752 


15 


.0472 


.0912 


.2660 


.1360 


.2236 


.2468 


.3784 


.50C0 


In 


.0404 
0376 


.0380 
.0316 
.0360 


.2064 
.2064 
.1796 


.1688 
.3224 

.32515 


.2648 
.2616 

.1400 


.2168 
.2344 

.2392 


.4180 
.2924 
.4904 


.5141) 


oo 


4024 


25 


.0412 


.4620 




.4780 


1.1980 


4.3040 


4.9640 


1.7072 


4.0928 


2.1156 


3.5205 






Mean 


.0597 


.1497 


.2644 


.4401 


.2134 


.5116 


.5375 


.6205 



BULLETINS OF THE WYOMING AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 



These bulletins are sent free of charge to any address upon ap- 
plication to the Director of Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyo. 

(Only the bulletins named below are available for distribution.) 

No. 7— July, 1892. Insecticides. 

No. 8— October, 1892. Irrigation and Duty of Water. 

No. 9— December, 1892. Sugar Beets in Wyoming in 1892. 

No. 11— February. 1893. Crop reports for 1892. 

No. 12— April, 1893. Ground Squirrels (Gophers). 

No. 13— July, 1893. The Feeding and Management of Cattle. 

No. 14— October, 1893. Geology of the Wyoming Experiment Farms, and 
Notes on the Mineral Resources of the State. 

No. 15— December, 1893. The Winter-Killing of Trees and Shrubs. 

No. 16— December. 1893. Grasses and Forage Plants. 

No. 17— March, 1894. I. Crop Report for 1893. II. Cost and Profit of Grow- 
ing Wheat. III. Sugar Beets. IV. Garden Vegetables and To- 
bacco. V. Meteorology for 1893. 

No. 19— September, 1S94. Squirrel Tail Grass (Fox-Tail). 

No. 20— October, 1894. The Artesian Wells of Southern Wyoming. 

No. 21.— January, 1895. The Grain Smuts and Potato Scab. 

No. -22— April, 1895. I. Onions. II. Crop Reports, 1894. 1, Potatoes; 2, 
Turnips and Other Root Crops; 3, Grasses and Forage Plants; 
4, Cereals; 5, Other Crops. III. Cost and Profit of Growing 
Wheat. IV. Small Fruits at Laramie. 

No. 23— May, 1895. Notes on Climate. 

No. 24— August, 1895. Water Analyses, 

No. 25— November, 1895. Results of Three Years' Experiments in Cost and 
Profit of Growing Wheat. 

No. 26— December, 1895. Garden Peas. 

No. 27— March, 1896. Meteorology for 1895, and Notes on Climate from 
1891 to 1896. 

No. 28— May, 1896. First Report on the Flora of Wyoming. 

No. 29— July. 1896. Alkali. 

No. 30— September, 1896. Stock Feeding Experiments at Lander. 

No. 31— December, 1896. The Worst Weeds of Wyoming and Suggested 
Weed Legislation. 

No. 32— March, 1897. Potatoes. 

No. 33— June, 1897. The Composition of Prepared Cereal Foods. 

No. 34— November, 1897. Fruit Growing in Wyoming. 

No. 35— December. 1897. Mechanical Analyses and Water Content of Wyo- 
ming Soils. 

No. 36— April, 1898. Wyoming Sugar Beets. 

No. 37— June, 1898. Stooling of Grains. 

No. 38— September, 1898. Cultivated Shade and Forest Trees. 

No. 39— December, 1898. Alkali Studies, II. 

No. 41— November, 1899. Some Experiments With Subsoiling. 

No. 42— December, 1899. Some Native Forage Plants for Alkali Soils. 

No. 43— March, 1900. Alfalfa as a Hay Crop. 

No. 44— April, 1900. Alfalfa as a Fertilizer. 

No. 45— June, 1900. Artesian Basins of Wyoming. 

No. 46— January, 1901. The Brome-Grasses of Wyoming. 

No. 47— April, 1901. Lamb Feeding Experiment. 

No. 48— May, 1901. Experiments in Wheat Culture. 

No. 49— June, 1901. Alkali Lakes and Deposits. 

No. 50— March, 1902. Native Vines in Wyoming Homes. 

No. 51— May, 1902. I. Sheep Feeding on the Range. II. Lamb Feeding- 
Second Trial. 

No. 52— April, 1902. Experiments in Evaporation. 



